Romania is recognized as one of Eastern Europe’s emerging tech hubs. With a highly skilled IT workforce and strong internet infrastructure, the country offers numerous opportunities for business and innovation. However, like in all digitally advanced societies, Romania is also vulnerable to cybercrime. For foreign nationals living, working, or investing in Romania, understanding the local legal landscape around cyber offenses is essential.
What Constitutes Cybercrime in Romania?
Romanian law defines cybercrime broadly, covering offenses that involve computers, networks, or digital data. Common examples include:
- Unauthorized access to computer systems (hacking)
- Data breaches and theft of personal or financial information
- Online fraud and phishing schemes
- Distribution of malware or ransomware
- Identity theft or impersonation online
- Child pornography and digital harassment
These crimes fall under the Romanian Criminal Code and are also governed by Law no. 161/2003 on measures to ensure transparency in the exercise of public dignities, public functions, and in the business environment.
Penalties for Cybercrime
Romanian authorities take cybercrime seriously. Many offenses carry criminal penalties, including:
- Imprisonment (ranging from 1 to 12 years depending on the offense)
- Heavy fines
- Seizure of digital devices and assets
- International cooperation and extradition in transnational cases
Additionally, foreigners may also face restrictions on residence permits or future entry into the EU, depending on the nature of the conviction.
Cybersecurity and Business Liability
For expats running businesses in Romania, digital compliance is especially important. Data protection regulations, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), are strictly enforced. A company can be held liable for failing to secure client data or for employees’ involvement in cyber-related offenses.
Regular audits, staff training, and clearly defined IT policies are not just recommended—they are essential for legal compliance.
Investigation and Prosecution of Cybercrime in Romania
Cybercrime investigations in Romania are typically handled by the Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism (DIICOT), which works closely with Europol and other international agencies. Digital evidence—emails, server logs, metadata—plays a central role in these cases.
Legal representation during the investigation phase is vital, particularly for foreigners unfamiliar with the Romanian judicial system. Even a simple online action can be interpreted differently under Romanian law.
Your Rights and Legal Assistance
If you are accused of a cyber-related offense, it is important to understand that:
- You have the right to remain silent and seek legal counsel
- You are entitled to an interpreter during proceedings
- Your devices may be confiscated for forensic analysis
- Early legal intervention can help avoid formal charges
Whether you are facing investigation, charges, or need preventative legal advice for your business, seeking the support of an experienced attorney can make a critical difference.
Conclusion
Cybercrime law in Romania is evolving rapidly to keep pace with global digital threats. For foreigners living or operating in Romania, staying informed and legally protected is not optional—it’s essential. Whether you’re a tech professional, business owner, or simply a resident using online services, understanding the local legal framework can help you avoid costly and potentially serious consequences.